Harm Reduction And Zero Tolerance

Harm Reduction And Zero Tolerance In this essay the author will explore and critically evaluate harm reduction in drug rehabilitation versus zero tolerance approaches, with reference to public policy issues in drug use. Drawing on available literature on the policy context, and on literature and evidence from the rehabilitation domain, the author will develop a discursive analysis of how harm reduction can present a workable and potentially valuable intervention solution in developing concrete policies which might effectively address this rapidly increasing social need. Harm reduction is a process by which those involved in the rehabilitation process with illegal drug users attempt to reduce the risks of drug taking behaviour rather than trying to eradicate drug use altogether. In Australia, drug users have traditionally been addressed with a zero tolerance approach, in which the drug user is counselled towards complete abstinence from drug use (Wodak and Moore, 2002). Socio-politically this approach is both lauded and condemned and both for good reason. A reorientation away from legal and punitive, law enforcement approaches to controlling illegal drug trafficking and use and towards a health-oriented model of rehabilitation of drug users is now taking place (Wodak and Moore, 2002), mimicking international trends based on research evidence. Thus the policy context has been subject to pressure to engage in new approaches to drug rehabilitation (Wodak and Moore, 2002). Thus policy responses to the moral model of drug use have been viewed as insuffici ent, and the disease model of drug use has grown in popularity in socio-political and therapeutic arenas (Hamilton and Cape, 2002). Australia and New Zealand have both adopted this approach, which is both pragmatic and forward thinking (Hamilton and Cape, 2002). However, it could be argued that this approach represents societies and their governments affording license to an immoral trade which has a significant negative personal, social and medical, not to mention economic, impact on society. This approach accepts that drug use is a common feature of human experience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ recognises that abstinence may be the ultimate goal, but accepts that this may not be achievable (or desirable) at least in the short-term (Hamilton and Cape, 2002, p 24). Thus social and political critics can view this as a tolerant attitude which fails to punish those who perpetrate the drug trade and cause significant suffering amongst those who abuse illegal and harmful drugs. All psychoactive drugs have the potential to cause some type of harm (Rumbold and Hamilton, 1998), and as such, represent a risk to the individual and society. However, drug use is viewed by many as normal social behaviour (Rumbold and Hamilton, 1998), and therefore policies which totally outlaw drug use can be viewed as inappropriate. Harm reduction strategies in Australia as enshrined in the National Drug Strategy (Rumbold and Hamilton, 1998), and as such present a more cohesive approach to managing the multiple facets of the problem or social phenomenon that is illicit drug use. Although law enforcement advocates argue that harm reduction strategies are not as effective as their own, economically, treatment and rehabilitation are actually much more cost effective in decreasing drug consumption (King, 1998). However, it is also possible to view legal, legislative and law enforcement approaches themselves as a form of harm reduction. Kutin (1998) shows how leglisative and law enforcement approaches have reduced violence associated with alcohol use. Harm reduction approaches, therefore, need not be viewed as diametrically opposed to the law enforcement approach, and this would argue that current policy orientations which encompass both approaches are actually the ideal way in which to approach the ongoing social an d public health drivers requiring an effective response from the policy level right down to the therapeutic level. According to Hellawell (1995 in Kutin, 1998, p 181): More realistic goals include attempting to reduce the frequency of sue, the quantity and toxicity of drugs consumed and to reduce harm to drug users and the community generally. Harm reduction must be embraced. Police strategies must encompass all these elements. There is ample evidence that harm reduction strategies are beneficial to indvidual clients, and represent the opportunity for significant public health improvement (Ritter and Cameron, 2006). However, McKeganey (2006) shows that in relation to the growth of the prevalence of drug abuse, and the increase in occurrence of drug related harms, including drug related crime, it is now the time to make drug prevention, rather than harm reduction, the focus of policy and practice. Futterman et al (2005) suggest a therapeutic approach which combines effective therapies with harm reduction strategies, working on behaviours with an overall end point of reducing drug use. But the ongoing arguments both for and against harm reduction policies are subject to forces which relate to key features of harm reduction, including: the primary goal being reducing harm rather than reducing drug use; the acceptance that drugs are a part of social life and cannot be eradicated from this; harm reduction is a c omprehensive public health framework; the priority is achievable and immediate goals; and that harm reduction is based upon values of pragmatism and humanism (Ritter and Cameron, 2006). This means that while reducing harm may be an improvement for the individual, and may be more realistic and achievable, there will always be groups and individuals who do not believe that this is a sufficiently aggressive approach, and while harm reduction produces individual benefits (Riley and OHare, 2000; Christie and Anderson, 2003), it does not prevent drug use or remove the threat, risk and harm associated with this practice, and it does not punish those who are effectively breaking the law. Ultimately, many will always reject a humanistic approach which is so pragmatic as to tolerate law breaking and the potential causing of harm to others, as well as to the self (Christie et al, 2008). Yet the evidence remains clear that harm reduction strategies can impact on drug use rates, on risk-associated behaviour such as needle sharing, and on transmission of blood-borne diseases and engagement in rehabilitaton (Hunt, 2005; Stoltz et al, 2007; Strathdee et al, 1999). Therefore, public policies may be subject to an ethical imperative to address illegal drug use via every possible (and effective route), because the long term social costs of untreated drug dependency are of such significance (Wall et al, 2000). Therefore, it could be argued that the zero tolerance approach is, as already demonstrated, not sufficiently effective on its own, and that the harm reduction approach, as one element of a wider policy framework, is likely to bring benefits in the longer term.

Life in Plymouth Colony Essay

The book of John Demos on â€Å"A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony† explores on the concept of the family life in the context of the Plymouth Colony. In particular, it tends to describe the ways of life of the people in the Plymouth Colony specifically the aspect of family, which is the smallest unit of the society. Through this book review, one will be able to determine the true accounts of the social life and customs of the people in the Plymouth Colony. Basically, the book is dedicated into furthering the importance of the smallest and most intimates of all group environments- the family. This concept has been usually left out by experts and historians alike wherein their interest is focused on the larger units of social actions. This includes the region, the class, the party, the ethnic as well as the religious group. Most of the time, the unit of family is left with the behavioral science which includes the anthropology, sociology and psychology. In order to examine the behavior of the Plymouth Colony in a family setting, the author has to descend on the local level which is considered as almost personal history. As such, one has to know average people in the everyday routine of their lives, in order to begin to understand their behavior in a family setting. In this way, the author was able to successfully present a picture of the family in the Plymouth Colony rather than any single instance thereof. Different aspects of the family setting of the Plymouth Colony have been discussed in the book. The author started with providing a historical survey on the Plymouth Colony. Among the various aspects of family setting mentioned in the book are physical setting, the structure of the household and the themes of individual development. More specifically, the physically setting deals with the elements of housing, furnishing and clothing. On the structure of household, it consists of the husbands and wives, membership, parents and children and, masters and servants. Lastly, the themes of individual development involve the infancy and childhood, coming of age as well as late years. With the examination on the different aspects of the Plymouth Colony’s family setting, the author has come to realized that the family life in Plymouth was not at all unique. This is because of the evident similarities of the colony with other American colonies. More specifically, the similarity between the Plymouth Colony and other American colonies reside in the embrace of the term â€Å"Puritanism†. As such, it can be claimed that the family is, after all, an extremely fundamental and durable institution: it often provides a kind of common denominator, or baseline, for a whole culture whose various parts may differ substantially in other respects. Plymouth Colony has been known as the Old Colony and sometimes, the New Colony. It has been said that this colony is founded by the â€Å"Pilgrims† in 1620. In particular, the â€Å"Pligrims† are defined as the group of religious people which consists of adults as well as family groupings. They were English separatists from New England. They were famous on their sailing away from Europe to New America during the early 17th century in order to search for a home where they could freely practice their Puritan style of religion and live according to their own laws. Orginally, the â€Å"Pilgrims’ are English Puritans who broke away from the Church of England because they felt that it had not completed the work of the Reformation. Because of this, they committed themselves to a life based on the Bible. Most of the members of the â€Å"Pilgrims† are the poorly educated people, farmers and people without political and social standing. (â€Å"Chapter 2: The English Transplantations – People/Term†, 2007) Consequently, the arrival of the â€Å"Pilgrims† in the New World is illustrated by the following lines below: â€Å"Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven, who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth, their proper element. † (Demos, 1971) During their stay in North America, the â€Å"Pilgrims† manifested their views on Puritanism, especially on the way they deal with one another. Through these dealings, it is found out that the repression on the Puritans was not as strongly directed against sexuality as against the expression of hostile and aggressive impulses. Moreover, this evident on the prevalent modes of family life as well as child-rearing. More specifically, the book shows that even from the very start, the family of the Plymouth Colony was nuclear. This family characteristic has been unchanged even from the beginning of their settlement. Specifically, the family consists of one couple and their own children formed the core of each household — with the addition in some cases of an aged grandparent or â€Å"servant†. And during these times, the life in the households was much less segmented. However, despite this physical arrangement, the roles and responsibilities of the members of the family are almost the same as today. In this colony, there is a much tighter line of authority between the parent and the child. And the range of functions performed by the family includes material, psychological, social, and otherwise. Above all, the system of family life revolves around the fulfillment of certain basic needs as well as universal needs. These need comprise of the food, shelter and sexual release. Furthermore, the family in the Plymouth Colony setting is likened to different things and institutions. Particularly, the family is described as a â€Å"business†, â€Å"school†, â€Å"vocational institute†, the â€Å"church†, â€Å"house of correction† and as a â€Å"welfare institution†. As a business, the family is the central agency of economic production and exchange. As a school, the parents and the masters are obliged to attend to the educational needs of the children. As a vocational institute, there is a need to apply the knowledge and skills on the larger economic system. As a church, there is an obligation for â€Å"family worship†. Lastly, on the welfare institution, the family usually provides welfare services such as the presence of the hospital or even orphanage. Indeed, the findings on the book of John Demos create awareness on the true nature of the people from the Plymouth Colony. Moreover, it contributes to the strengthening on the American culture and history. In fact, it serves as one of the foundations of the family life of the American people. Undoubtedly, there is only little difference between the family of the Plymouth Colony and the modern-day American family. As such, the study of the ways and customs of the family on the Plymouth Colony proves the resemblance of families between the ancient colonies and the modern societies. Works Cited Demos, John. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. Chapter 2: The English Transplantations – People/Term. 2 July 2007. .

Nacirema

The Nacirema change their behavior leading up to December 25th on their approved calendar. They believe that a spirit called â€Å"Christmas† will magically fill themselves and the people around then with joy and caring tendencies. They tell their offspring and little ones that a large man in a red suit with a white beard will break into their homes on the 25th and leave gifts if their behavior is good. If they are bad this man will leave black natural resources, coal.The children are also told to leave cookies for the man, although he is already extremely stout. The adults although supply the children with gifts and not coal, whether the child is good or bad by cultural norms. The women of the homes spend days prepping the home for others to come. They wipe down floors and use a large machine to attempt to remove debris from the soft areas of the floor, although the floor will just collect more dirt and debris over time.Some Nacirema even go knocking on the doors of other Nac irema and when they answer, they sing. The Nacirema dedicate literature, moving pictures, and several items to this spirit. Also, the Nacirema place large amounts of small balls of light and other items on or around their places of rest to honor the spirit. not really fake greed Nacirema is American spelled backwards and refers to, with a degree/pretense of anthropological self-distancing, aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of North America.Studying the Nacirema remains useful and productive for Americans even half a century after Miner first did so because it helps us realize how our behavior may be viewed by other cultures and what that impression will do for our relationship. Also, it helps us realize what parts of our behavior that we may have overlooked that are superficial, unnecessary, or flat out wrong.

Should Television Be Public Consumption - 825 Words

The Catholic Thing is one of my favorite blogs. The other day the featured article was by Randall Smith. Here s the introduction: What’s the one thing you never see people on television doing? They’re shown fighting, swimming nude, having sex, using the restroom, and a host of other things you wouldn’t expect would be fodder for public consumption. But one thing people on television never (or almost never) do is watch television. This is odd, since people who want you to do something usually try to make you think â€Å"everyone is doing it.† Thus in Nike ads, everyone seems to be running or swimming or biking. Everyone at parties is shown drinking plenty of beer. Nobody gets anything important done anymore without a laptop computer. These images are ubiquitous on television because this is what advertisers pay for. But televisions: Where are they? You’d think the people who sell televisions would insist that every house on television have a television in every room and someone watching it intently. But on television programs, televisions are notoriously absent – from houses, bars, and hospitals – even though they’re nearly impossible to escape in real life. Why is that? The answer is obvious. If a television show showed people watching television, those people’s lives would be so boring we wouldn’t be able to stand watching them. So what does that tell us about ourselves when we’re watching television?Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Digital Media On Society s Media1714 Words   |  7 PagesIt is undeniable that the society is experiencing a mediated culture, where mass media have direct effects on our society. Newspapers, magazines, radios, and televisions constantly give out messages to promote products, attitudes, and ideas in an attempt to influence audiences. The effect is further enhanced when digital media, particularly the Internet, enters the competition for the limited supply of audience attention. The saturated mass media industry no longer has the benefit of reach it usedRead MoreAdvertisement and Food1818 Words   |  7 Pagesa child under one year, the ability to want a specific type of food which they never exper ienced before? So, who needs what and who is desiring to by whom? Children, parents, or the advertising of foods? Currently, vehicles of transmission to the public are increasingly dispersed. Most advertising messages relating to food have younger target audience. The use of food to different marketing vehicles of information has allowed reach an increasing number of child consumers and consequently their parentsRead MoreEconomics1509 Words   |  7 Pages1.2 Suppose the consumption of a good entails rather sizable spillover benefits. How might the resulting misallocation of resources be corrected? 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However, a study on tobacco consumption and employment showed that effective policies to reduce smoking were likely to increase, and not decrease employment. The reason for this was that when people stopped smoking, the money did not disappear from the economy. It was spent on other goods and services, which the study showed, were more labor intensive. A World Bank report had pointed out that policymakers who wanted to control tobacco should be aware of the fact that bans on advertisingRead MorePrevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesprevalence of overweight/obesity among parents of children entering childhood obesity treatment. Public health officials, pediatricians, nutritionists, and policymakers are increasingly targeting sugar-sweetened beverage consumption as a major contributor to childhood obesity. As of 2014, 1 in 3 American children (aged 2-19 years) were overweight. By reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption can lower children’s weight and blood pressure, decrease risks of heart disease, lessen tooth erosionRead MoreThe Importance Of Public Knowledge And Views On Fast Food Corporations1438 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch. The sources were helpful considering they provided a concise overview, and offered the context for the evaluation of the reality of the fast food chains strategies and ignorance. I used a survey in order to further my understanding about public knowledge and views on fast food corporations. Most of the research were secondary sources; for the authors used others research to further support their claims. On the other hand, one of the research was a primary source which was written by a worker

Find Out Who is Concerned About Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 and Why You Should be Listening to Them

Find Out Who is Concerned About Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 and Why You Should be Listening to Them In addition, he offered solutions by enhancing education amounts in order to advertise a long-lasting solution. Consequently, they are facing an alternative that is rarely a positive one. It's just in the shape of creating knowledge of distinct records. To be able to secure you to get an item, first they should get your attention and after that they should make you desire the item. What Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 Is - and What it Is Not Nothing in your treatment or screenplay will save you from altering the movie later. This is a kind of snowballing effect, since innovation regard manufacturing technology allowed for new goods, but the usage of products has coincided with a greater consumer appetite which produces a demand for new manufacturing technology in addition to a current market that could capitalize on said appetite. If you intend to use voiceover narratio n, you might need to plan it out in a screenplay, in place of a therapy. I like writing because it is similar to having my own universe. The very first assignment began this rigorous procedure for interaction and revision. New Ideas Into Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 Never Before Revealed We advise you to have a minumum of one person look over the essay to supply you with feedback. Clearly, should they remain on exactly the same page they can alleviate the agony for LGBT youths and let them live a normal and happy life. Learn more about the way the essay is scored. It gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can read and comprehend a passage and write an essay analyzing the passage. The Meaning of Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 Please take a look at the site for open hours. Visit TASC to discover more. Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 Help! I reminded myself that I only had a couple weeks to publish my documentation which may help unblock many issues fa ced during Android development by Android developers throughout the planet. Applications won't be complete, and so can't be processed, until all essential documents have arrived at CUNY. But What About Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016? And I truly feel that's the way that it should be, as soon as you're cre-a-ting. Test takers will have to respond to a selection of reading passages. The Unexpected Truth About Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 I used to say everybody's raps. Something new always takes place in the process. I wished to keep on building that skill set whilst utilizing my present skills. Drop in visual elements you want to include. Consider the way you can use unique elements in powerful combinations. Fortunately, he lived to speak about doing it. By the conclusion of my internship, I'd updated different segments of the Gradle documentation and I likewise published a document on AAPT2. By the close of the course we felt differently. So I opted to return to school. Call your previous teacher, she explained. Like many different schools, they opt to ignore that the gay student is being bullied and discriminated against. All materials are accepted by faculty at various CUNY colleges. Tutoring is available in addition to weekly workshops. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Cuny Essay Samples Free for 2016 It's just based on a kind of collective idea about what records go with which. In terms of the process of creating the album, states Q-Tip, it was exciting. The sabbatical was my very last opportunity to find this through. The interview procedure and the questions asked during the interview may vary depending on the role and the interviewer. Please schedule the interview once possible. We hope in order to cover both semesters in the forseeable future. So long since I can play them and you may play them, you're good. This preference might be a contributing component in discrimination against LGBT youths. Within this pape r, I'll talk about the several types of discrimination that LGBT youths are faced with and the effects on such youths. Nevertheless, it seems that most the discrimination against LGBT youths emanates from the schools they attend. This example might be a typical concern around the world, where LGBT youths are uncomfortable with their gender at school at home. This mainstream analysis indicates the overall degree of poverty that's evident in most countries also. An independent committee of professors from around the nation and local community leaders review the applicants and choose the recipients dependent on the scholarship criteria. Your reference has to be at least 21 decades of age and can not be related to you. 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The Effect of Religion on Education Essay - 656 Words

The Effect of Religion on Education Religion has played an important part in the development of education ever since the beginning, even before the creation of schools. The first schools, which were monasteries, started around the Dark Ages, approximately 450 A.D.; Back then, educations only purpose was to people of the religious persuasion, especially Christianity. Christianity is the religion that has most affected education, and so was the case back then, too. Those people I was talking about before were the ones with the power, however. The pope commanded more respect and authority than the king, the church taxed the people, and the church dictated the laws of the land. The church was in charge of the peoples souls, so they†¦show more content†¦Then to add fuel to the fire, the printing press was invented. This allowed the people to see the bible for themselves, a book which was before only held in the hands of the church. People could interpret the book for themselves, and didnt need the church or it s priests as much as they used to. Religion was the only kind of education until then, as people started to try and see the world in a more secular sense. This was the beginning of the end of education and religion being tied so closely together. The church lost a lot of power, as the bible became the ultimate authority replacing the pope and the priests. Around this time, universal education started. Universal education is the system in which everyone, even commoners, have the right to a basic elementary education. Martin Luther also introduced other new ideas concerning education, such as state controlled curriculum, teacher certification, and finances. He also believed in vocational and higher education being made available for everyone, not just the wealthy or elite. The next great development in the Religion/Education relationship came around the time of the population of North America by the Europeans. There were three major colonies in the territory that is now the U.S.: the North, Middle and South colonies. Each took to education in a different manner. The NorthernShow MoreRelatedThe Social Survey ( Gss )1135 Words   |  5 Pagessex, years of education, religion, marital status, and general happiness. Most of those are considered core demographic factors for any study, thus no explanation is needed, with the exception of happiness. Happiness was included because of the supposed relationship between happiness and generosity; research has stated that volunteering makes people happy and that happy people volunteer more. For this research, no control variables were used as the interest was in seeing the effect, of lack thereofRead MoreWorld Issues : Personal Opinion1572 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration the positives effects of colonization. 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Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. Answer: Introduction Company The chosen company Sass bide is mainly an Australian fashion label for women. Many Hollywood celebrities in more recent time have been seen worn this label. However, this company was established around 1990s, it was mainly founded by Heidi Middleton and Sarah-Jane Clarke, after they had begun selling customized jeans in a booth on Londons market known as Portobello Road (Sassandbide.com, 2018). They business actually succeeded in the market initially and so they returned to Australia in 1999, and in Sydney they expanded an underground following which guides them towards their first seasonal collection in the 2001, Mercedes Australian Fashion Week. However, their succeeding collections were displayed in the 2002 London fashion week. Moreover, they also initiated their collection in New York Fashion Week in 2003. Product / Service OR Location Their products mainly consist of highly designer clothing that is guided by the latest culture of fashion for the bold and independent women. Sass bide collection mainly gains inspiration from the Love Culture Art to generate their unique brand style. Each of their collection mainly involve accoutrement, ready-to-wear, denims, leather as well as unique gallery pieces which is mainly defined by their commitment towards women of forever spirit associated to a revolutionary and free style of relaxation as well as enhancement. Therefore, their products mainly comprises of women dresses, jeans, tees, knitwear, jackets, pants, skirts and accessories (Craik, 2015). As per as their locations are concern they are situated in 45 locations in Australia New Zealand. Apart from their stores, they also sell online and ship their products in UK, USA and NZ. Consumer Sass bide consumers are mainly those women who love to style themselves beautifully and are very much knowledgeable about the great brands in the market as well as about those directions which have not yet become the fashion trends. Their consumers are moreover those women who also values fun as well as can laugh at a feeling. In the present times leading celebrities like Sarah Jessica Parkerand, in more recent times,Madonna,Rihanna,Kate Moss,Beyonc,Nicole RichieandMila Kunis are the well known consumers of this fashion brand (Sassandbide.com, 2018). Industry analysis and market trends The Australian textile, clothing or footwear industry encounters an undermined future in the light of modifying international trends. However, in Australia manufacturing has decreased drastically along with which management of the supply chain has also been organized differently (Bruzzi Gibson, 2013). Therefore, because of this very few large clothing factories have persisted, while on the other hand, the small fashion designers or the entrepreneurs were found to have either emerging or at times thriving. Moreover, an evaluation of skills in this industry determines that many previous skills connected with this industry in Australia have been lost and the effect of new trends is yet to be appreciated fully. (Source: Carpenter Lazonick, 2017) Moreover, for the last five years it has been observed in Australia that fast fashion has made its way into the peoples wardrobes. Therefore, the fashion industrys revenue is expected to expand annually for 21.5% over the five years to $1.8 billion (Carpenter Lazonick, 2017). Along with the fast fashion trend in Australia, the consumers are also manifested to social media as well as online shopping to the latest fashion, new styles as well as the trends on demand. Therefore, with the changing fashion trend many brands including Sass Bide in Australia is taking the world by storm and entering the international marketplace. International markets provide many opportunities to the designers in Australia as the key markets mainly include New Zealand, United Kingdom and USA. Thus, Sass Bide has been immensely affectedby the fashion industry as well as trends in Australia. PESTEL Political The financial regulations of a country are among the most common political factor that affects any business. Australias fashion industry is among the safest destination for any business to invest. It has a stable political as well as regulatory environment, which is also open and progressive for the investors. Australia bestows their investors with confidence and certainty (Liu et al., 2013). Economic Australia is among the biggest capitalist economies in this world. Fashion industry is benefited mostly in Australia because it has strong as well as stable financial systems, open markets with few restrictions. However, for brands like Sass Bide the affordable pricing strategy can guide theyfight off with few of the effects of low economic activity. Social Australian has a unique fashion style and they mostly follow a casual approach. However, modification in the social trends can bring an impact on the demand as well as availability of the products by the fashion industry in Australia. Thus, the fashions brands have to keep in mind the social trends and responsibilities. Thus, brands usually do not enter new markets without doing preliminary research (Jegethesan, Sneddon Soutar, 2012). Technology Technology is modifying everything internationally and so things are happening in a rapid rate in the spheres of communication, transportation or any other aspects of business. Fashion industry is much affected by technology from manufacturing to marketing or supply chain. Thus, Sass Bide has been very much mindful at using technological power to its profit. Environmental Sustainability is among the most important concerns in the internal businesses. Sass Bide has also funded in sustainability by trying to making their stores 100% eco efficient by the year 2020. This will further help their stores to become energy efficient as well as to have better features of recycling (Cervellon, Carey Harms, 2012). Legal The legal system of Australians is mainly based on the basic beliefs in the rule of law, independence of judiciary as well as justice. Thus, Sass Bides focus is on the ethics as well as sustainability all over its business and its supply chain. They are also focusing in creating a brand imagine which is mostly ethical. Competitors analysis In the Australian fashion industry the biggest competitors of Sass Bide is Zimmermann Wear Pty. Ltd., Manning Cartell and Camilla And Marc. Sass Bide has prosperously fended off the annexations of foreign retail giants like the fast fashion brand of Spain named Zara as well as top shop or online competitors like ASOS to publish a robust 48% hike in the total years net profit to $7.68 million. Moreover, it further owns the nations largest department store, which brought them the business of $72.3 million recently. However, since last August the share of Sass Bide has fallen almost 50%, wiping more $600 million off to Myers market capitalism (Craik, 2015). Segmentation analysis Major market segments Demographic segmentation Gender-related segments One of the major aspects is the gender towards which their products will be targeted at. Sass bide is one of the leading fashion brands that has targeted its products mainly towards women. They have considered the fact that females are more fashion conscious than men. Women are very much eager to try out the brand new collections being launched by the fashion brands. Women somehow feel that wearing the latest and innovative fashionable outfits will also help in adding to their level of confidence (Sassandbide.com, 2018). Age-related Segment The young and modern women are usually more attracted towards the new trends in fashion and they are very open towards accepting the latest innovations that are brought. They want to upgrade themselves along with time (Brito et al., 2015). However, it is seen that the old and traditional women are usually not very open towards adopting the new trends coming up in the market. As Sass Bide is a considerably old company working from the year 1999, it has already won over the trust and loyalty of many old and traditional customers. On the other hand, they also keep on upgrading themselves with the latest trends in the fashion industry in order to attract the attention of the young customers as well. It is to suit their taste, that they deal in different kinds of accessories, clothes, scarves, paradise catcher, resort-17-accoutrement and many others. The paradise catcher and the resort 17 catcher are very good ways of attracting the young customers as the paradise catcher has a good range of bags and the resort 17 accouterment reveals a Brand new range of accessories for the young customers. Income-related segment One of the most important factors is the income level of the clients. It is a known fact that the clients with a higher level of incomes will be more fashion conscious than the ones with a low-income level. This is because the high-income level group customers are the ones who can easily afford the products with high prices whereas the low-income group customers cannot (Ani? Mihi?., 2015). Behavioral segmentation The client base of this company mainly includes women of all age groups starting from the young college girls to the adult business executives as well. Thus, the decision-making style and the behavior of all the clients will surely vary from one another (Ani? Mihi?., 2015).The adult women customers will look for something that they have been using since many years whereas the young customers, might be looking for some changes and innovations in order to keep themselves in pace with the changing times. Psychographic segmentation Lifestyle segmentation Sass Bide provides due attention to the lifestyles of their clients. As they sell products for women of different age groups and income groups, they also have to consider the kind of lifestyles led by them. The college girls will have a lifestyle different from the lifestyles of the businessperson. The college girls may try to shop before their colleges reopen (Sassandbide.com, 2018). Hence, Sass Bide must take care of the fact that their latest arrivals for the college girls or for the young teens are released at a suitable time when the universities are closed for vacations. Similarly, the products designed for the working and the business executives, can be launched during any time of the year. The college girls will mainly look for the trendy and most innovative kinds of dresses like jumpsuits, jackets, pants, skirts, tops, shorts whereas the business women will like to go for some casual yet fashionable business or office wears like coats. Geographic segmentation It has been found in about 45 locations in Australia and New Zealand in places like premium boutiques, Myer concessions. However, they have also considered those customers who are living in distant regions and are unable to reach out to the physical store. In order to meet up with the needs of customers living in other geographic areas, they have started their online delivery system to UK, USA, and NZ (Dessart,Veloutsou Morgan-Thomas.,2015). Primary and secondary markets The Primary market The Primary market segment for Sass Bide is the group of women having a good income flow and the ones belonging to (Brito et al., 2015). This is because only those customers having a good amount of income will be able to afford all the products of this company. Along with this, the lifestyle also matters a great deal for any fashion industry. Sass Bide makes sure to suit the standards of living of all their clients. Their client base comprises of both adult business executives and also the young teenage college girls. Sass bide has launched a large number of new brands of accessories in order to suit the needs of the young generation of girls. The young college girls will naturally decide to buy some outfit that will be suiting their purposes like going out to nightclubs. SPEAKEASY WINTER 17 is a newly launched brand that has been launched by Sass Bide that brings a range of beautiful dresses that would suit the purpose of a nightclub outing (Sassandbide.com, 2018). The Secondary Market The secondary market of Sass Bide mainly comprises of the middle-aged women who are the office goers. Though the income of these women clients will be higher than the young and the college girls at the same time, they will be less open towards accepting any new trends in fashion (Sassandbide.com, 2018). Level of involvement and decision making Sass Bide pays due importance to the customers. They provide the customers with ample information through their online pages. The customers will be able to take their decisions after going thoroughly through all the details of the newly arrived products. They also have provisions under which the customers can demand an exchange if they change their mind with a particular product and want to get a new. They also give their customers full freedom to return back a purchased product if it is faulty or do not meet the customer's expectations (Sassandbide.com, 2018). Perceptual map Prestige Price Mass Market e Affordability Exclusivity Sass Bide (Sources: Created by the Author) Conclusion Thus, to conclude this report it can be said that the chosen Australian fashion brand Sass Bide that was established in 1990s is among the popular fashion labels in Australia and is worn by many Hollywood celebrities recently. The fashion industry has also finds its way into the international markets because of their emerging opportunities. Zimmermann Wear Pty. Ltd., Manning Cartell and Camilla And Marc are the biggest competitors of Sass Bide in Australian fashion market. Moreover, they mainly target women with high-income levels so that they can afford their products. They provide an excellent service to their customers through their websites as well as stores. Thus, their customers are always updated regarding their products and can easily purchase and return if not satisfied. References Ani?, I. D., Mihi?, M. (2015). Demographic profile and purchasing outcomes of fashionconscious consumers in Croatia.Ekonomski pregled,66(2), 103-118. Brito, P. Q., Soares, C., Almeida, S., Monte, A., Byvoet, M. (2015). Customer segmentation in a large database of an online customized fashion business.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,36, 93-100. Bruzzi, S., Gibson, P. C. (Eds.). (2013).Fashion Cultures Revisited: Theories, Explorations and Analysis. Routledge. Carpenter, M., Lazonick, W. (2017). Innovation, competition and financialization in the communications technology industry: 1996-2016. Cervellon, M. C., Carey, L., Harms, T. (2012). Something old, something used: Determinants of women's purchase of vintage fashion vs second-hand fashion.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,40(12), 956-974. Chouprina, N. V. (2014). 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